The American Psychological Association (APA) has taken a significant step forward. It has adopted a framework that affirms human rights as universal and inalienable. This framework also recognizes racism as a violation of these rights. Yet, this framework emphasizes the need for equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) to be infused throughout the association. Many contemporary inequities can be traced back to the harmful ideologies of eugenics. These ideologies have historically targeted communities of color and have also perpetuated systemic racism.

What is Eugenics?

Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of the human population. It emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key figures like Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, and Charles Davenport promoted the idea that certain traits, including intelligence and health, were hereditary. They advocated for selective breeding to enhance desirable traits. They aimed to reduce undesirable ones. This led to practices that marginalized and harmed individuals deemed “unfit.” (Buchanan, 2008)

Eugenics and Psychology

The field of psychology adopted eugenic principles, significantly influencing the development and implementation of intelligence testing. Psychologists like Henry H. Goddard, Lewis Terman, and Robert Yerkes developed IQ tests based on these principles, often without considering cultural, social, or economic factors. These tests were culturally biased, reflecting the values and knowledge of White, Western populations. When administered to people from different racial and cultural backgrounds, the tests often produced poor results. This was not due to inherent intellectual differences but because of cultural misalignment. This misinterpretation reinforced the ideology of White supremacy. It justified segregation, restrictive immigration policies, and forced sterilization programs that targeted communities of color. (Gould, 1996)

The Impact of Eugenics on Communities of Color

The legacy of eugenics in psychology has had profound and lasting effects on communities of color:

1. Educational Segregation: Intelligence tests were used to segregate students. These tests often placed those from communities of color in lower tracks or special education classes. This limited their access to quality education and future opportunities.
2. Immigration Policies: Biased intelligence test results were used to support restrictive immigration policies. These policies excluded certain racial and ethnic groups from entering the United States.
3. Health Disparities: Eugenic ideas influenced medical and public health policies. These ideas led to discriminatory practices. This resulted in inadequate medical treatment for communities of color.
4. Economic and Social Impact: The institutionalization of eugenic principles contributed to long-term economic disparities. These principles also caused social and psychological harm. They perpetuated cycles of poverty and reduced social mobility.

Modern Rejection and Reconciliation

The scientific community has since rejected eugenic theories as unethical and unscientific. Modern psychology now recognizes the harm caused by these ideas and has worked to develop more equitable and culturally sensitive practices. The APA’s recent framework emphasizes the need for social justice, equity, and inclusion. It aims to address and rectify the historical and ongoing impacts of eugenic practices.

A Call to Action: Love Your Neighbor as Yourself

We must recognize that perpetuating racism and supporting discriminatory practices contribute to the systemic issues that harm all of us. Embracing the principle of loving your neighbor as yourself, we can create a society that values and respects every individual. This includes everyone regardless of race or background. Radical change requires collective effort and commitment to advocating for justice and equality.

Get Involved:

• Advocate for Change: Support policies that promote equity and dismantle racist systems.
• Community Engagement: Participate in programs that empower marginalized communities.
• Education: Promote and support educational initiatives that foster cultural sensitivity and inclusivity.

We Are Stronger Together: By joining forces, we can advocate for meaningful change. We can create a world where everyone is valued and respected. Stand with us as we work towards a more just and equitable society.

References

American Psychological Association. (2021). Resolution on the APA’s Commitment to Antiracism. APA Website.

Buchanan, A. (2008). Eugenics and the Politics of Human Reproduction: The American Experience.

Gould, S. J. (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. W.W. Norton & Company.